Pasture fencing: information about electric fencing, posts and conductors
Good pasture fencing helps keep horses, cattle, sheep, goats and other animals safely within a field or paddock. Fencing can also be used to keep wildlife away from agricultural land, gardens and other areas.
A complete fencing system consists of more than just posts and electric fence wire. For reliable operation, the energiser, earthing system, conductors, insulators, connections and gates must all be correctly matched.
On this page, you can read about the different types of pasture fencing, the components you need and what to consider when choosing, installing and maintaining an electric fence.
What is pasture fencing?
Pasture fencing is a barrier around a field, paddock, exercise area or animal enclosure. It prevents animals from leaving the area and helps keep unwanted animals out.
A pasture fencing system may consist of:
- plastic, wooden, metal or fibreglass fence posts;
- electric fence wire, rope, tape or steel wire;
- insulators;
- an electric fence energiser;
- earth stakes and earthing cable;
- connection materials;
- gate handles and gateways;
- warning signs;
- optional mesh or electric netting.
The most suitable combination depends on the animal species, the length of the fence, vegetation, the available power supply and whether the fence is temporary or permanent.
How does an electric fence work?
An electric fence forms an electrical circuit together with the energiser, conductors, animal and ground. The energiser sends short electrical pulses through the tape, rope or wire.
When an animal touches the conductor, the electrical pulse passes through the animal and the ground back to the energiser’s earthing system. The animal feels a brief, unpleasant shock and learns to keep away from the fence.
The following are important for effective operation:
- a suitable electric fence energiser;
- a correctly installed earthing system;
- conductors with sufficient conductivity;
- reliable electrical connections;
- suitable insulators;
- as little contact as possible with grass and vegetation;
- regular voltage checks.
Electric or non-electric pasture fencing
Pasture fencing can be electric, non-electric or a combination of both.
Electric pasture fencing
An electric fence works with electrical pulses. The system primarily acts as a psychological barrier: after touching the fence, animals learn to keep their distance.
Advantages:
- suitable for temporary and permanent fencing;
- relatively easy to extend;
- available for different animal species;
- requires less heavy material than some permanent barriers;
- suitable for large plots;
- can keep animals in or wildlife out.
Non-electric fencing
Non-electric fencing forms a physical barrier. Examples include wooden fences, mesh fencing, panel fencing and metal field gates.
A permanent fence can be combined with one or more electric wires. The electric conductor then helps prevent animals from pushing against, chewing or attempting to climb over the permanent barrier.
Which components are needed for an electric fence?
Electric fence energiser
The electric fence energiser is the power source of the system. It converts electricity into short electrical pulses that travel through the fence conductors.
Different types are available:
- 230-volt mains energisers;
- rechargeable battery energisers;
- disposable battery energisers;
- energisers combined with a solar panel;
- combination energisers for different power sources.
Earthing
The earthing system allows the electrical pulse to return to the energiser through the ground. Insufficient earthing is a common cause of poor fence performance.
An earthing system generally consists of:
- one or more earth stakes;
- a suitable earthing cable;
- corrosion-resistant connecting clamps;
- a location with sufficiently conductive soil.
Conductors
The conductor carries the electrical pulse around the plot. Depending on the application, you can choose from:
- electric fence wire;
- electric rope;
- electric fence tape;
- plastic wire with conductive strands;
- steel or iron wire;
- electric netting.
Fence posts
The posts support the conductors and determine the shape and stability of the fence. Corner and end posts are subjected to more strain than intermediate posts and must therefore be installed more securely.
Insulators
Insulators prevent electrical current from leaking through the posts into the ground. Use an insulator suitable for the selected wire, rope or tape.
Connection materials
Good connections allow the current to travel through the entire fence with minimal loss. Use suitable connectors rather than loose knots wherever possible.
Gate handles and gateways
A gate handle allows an electric gateway to be opened and closed safely. A suitable underground cable can carry the current beneath the gateway, ensuring that the section beyond the gate also remains electrified.
Which electric fence energiser do you need?
The correct energiser is not determined solely by the total length of the field. The number of wires, vegetation, animal species, soil conditions and conductor quality also play an important role.
When choosing an energiser, consider:
- the total length of all conductors combined;
- the number of fence wires;
- the animal species;
- the animals’ sensitivity and coat type;
- the amount of grass and vegetation along the fence;
- the conductivity of the wire or tape used;
- the soil conditions and quality of the earthing system;
- the availability of a mains connection;
- possible future expansion;
- whether the fence must also keep wildlife out.
When in doubt, do not automatically choose the smallest energiser. It must have sufficient capacity to maintain a reliable fence even with vegetation and less favourable conditions.
230-volt electric fence energiser
A mains-powered energiser is suitable when a permanent power connection is available near the fence. This type is commonly used for permanent fences and larger plots.
Advantages:
- continuous power supply;
- no need to replace batteries;
- suitable for long fences;
- often suitable for heavy vegetation;
- practical for permanent installations.
The energiser must be installed in a dry and safe location in accordance with the manufacturer’s instructions.
Rechargeable or disposable battery energiser
A rechargeable or disposable battery energiser is suitable for plots where mains power is unavailable. These energisers are often used for temporary fencing, rotational grazing and remote fields.
Advantages:
- flexible placement;
- no fixed mains connection required;
- suitable for temporary fencing;
- easy to move;
- can optionally be combined with a solar panel.
Check the charge level of the battery regularly. An insufficiently charged power source can result in lower fence voltage.
Electric fence energiser with solar panel
A solar panel can help recharge the battery of an electric fence energiser. This is particularly useful in remote fields without access to a power socket.
The required capacity of the solar panel and battery depends on:
- the power consumption of the energiser;
- the operating time;
- the amount of sunlight;
- the season;
- the capacity and condition of the battery;
- the required operating reliability.
Why is good earthing important?
Without proper earthing, the electrical circuit cannot be completed correctly. The fence may appear to have voltage, but may be insufficiently effective when touched.
For effective earthing, it is important that:
- enough earth stakes are used;
- the earth stakes are positioned at the correct distance from each other;
- the stakes are driven sufficiently deep into the soil;
- the connections are clean and secure;
- a suitable earthing cable is used;
- the soil around the earth stakes is not extremely dry;
- the earthing system is checked regularly.
Always follow the energiser manufacturer’s instructions regarding the number, length and placement of earth stakes.
Electric fence wire, rope or tape?
The correct conductor depends on the animal species, fence length and required visibility.
Electric fence wire
Electric fence wire is lightweight and commonly used for both temporary and permanent fencing. Quality and conductivity vary between products.
Electric fence wire is suitable for:
- smaller plots;
- temporary fencing;
- subdividing fields;
- lightweight and portable systems.
Electric rope
Electric rope is thicker than standard electric fence wire and is therefore more visible. It is suitable for different animals and can be used for temporary or permanent fencing.
Electric fence tape
Electric fence tape is wide and highly visible. This makes it a popular choice for horse paddocks and pastures.
When using tape, consider:
- the width of the tape;
- wind load;
- the distance between posts;
- suitable tape insulators;
- reliable tape connectors and tensioners.
Steel wire
Steel wire has high conductivity and is often used for permanent fencing. It must be tensioned correctly and combined with strong corner, end and intermediate posts.
Pasture fencing for horses
With horse fencing, visibility, safe materials and correct installation are especially important. Horses can move at high speed through a field and must be able to see the fence in time.
For horses, consider:
- a highly visible conductor, such as wide tape or clearly visible rope;
- sufficient fence height;
- multiple conductors where required;
- no sharp or protruding components;
- strong corner and end posts;
- safe gate handles and gateways;
- regular checks for loose material;
- sufficient distance from roads and other high-risk areas.
The exact height and configuration should be matched to the size, behaviour and number of horses and the location of the field.
Pasture fencing for cattle
Electric fencing for cattle must be robust and provide sufficient voltage. Cattle can generally be kept effectively within a field using electric fencing when the system is installed correctly.
For cattle, consider:
- strong posts and corner constructions;
- sufficient conductivity along the entire length;
- an appropriate height and number of wires;
- a reliable electric fence energiser;
- good earthing;
- sturdy gateways for agricultural machinery;
- regular checks for vegetation.
Pasture fencing for sheep and goats
Sheep and goats have different fencing requirements from horses or cattle. Because of their size, coat and behaviour, more conductors or electric netting may be required.
Possible solutions include:
- multiple electric wires at different heights;
- electric sheep netting;
- permanent mesh with an additional electric wire;
- a permanent fence with suitable spacing.
When using netting, install it under tension and check regularly for contact with grass, branches and other vegetation.
Electric netting
Electric netting consists of vertical and horizontal plastic strands containing conductive wires. It is fitted with integrated posts, making it relatively quick to install and move.
Electric netting is commonly used for:
- sheep;
- goats;
- lambs;
- poultry, depending on the net type;
- temporary grazing areas;
- subdividing plots;
- protection against certain wild animals.
Always choose a net suitable for the relevant animal species and application.
Permanent or temporary pasture fencing
Permanent fencing
Permanent fencing is designed to remain in the same location for an extended period. It is generally constructed using strong corner and end posts, durable intermediate posts and highly conductive wire.
Permanent fencing is suitable for:
- fixed pastures;
- large plots;
- long-term field boundaries;
- horse and cattle farms;
- fencing with several gateways.
Temporary fencing
Temporary fencing can be installed, moved and stored quickly. It often uses plastic or fibreglass posts, lightweight electric wire and a reel.
Temporary fencing is practical for:
- strip grazing;
- rotational grazing;
- temporary paddocks;
- subdividing a large field;
- events and temporary animal enclosures.
Which fence posts do you need?
The choice of fence posts depends on the required service life, ground conditions, conductor and application.
Corner and end posts
Corner and end posts absorb the pulling force of the tensioned conductors. These posts must be stronger and installed deeper than standard intermediate posts.
Intermediate posts
Intermediate posts keep wire, rope or tape at the correct height. The required distance between posts depends on:
- the type of conductor;
- the tension applied to the material;
- the shape of the terrain;
- wind load;
- the animal species;
- whether the fence is temporary or permanent.
Plastic fence posts
Plastic posts are lightweight and easy to move. They are primarily used for temporary fencing and subdividing fields.
Wooden fence posts
Wooden posts are widely used for permanent fencing. Suitable insulators must be fitted when they are used with electric fencing.
Metal and fibreglass posts
Metal and fibreglass posts are available in different versions for temporary and permanent fencing. Always use insulators and accessories compatible with the selected post type.
Which insulators do you need?
The insulator must be suitable for both the post and the conductor. An insulator for wide tape, for example, has a different shape from an insulator for thin electric fence wire.
Common types include:
- ring insulators for wire and rope;
- tape insulators;
- corner insulators;
- offset insulators;
- insulators for metal posts;
- insulators for wooden posts;
- gate handle anchors.
Check insulators regularly for cracks, wear, dirt and damage.
How do you install an electric pasture fence?
The exact installation method differs by system, but a practical sequence is:
- Measure the plot and determine the route of the fence.
- Determine the locations of corners, gateways and gates.
- Install the corner and end posts first.
- Install the intermediate posts.
- Fit the correct insulators at the required heights.
- Roll out the wire, rope or tape without damaging it.
- Tension the conductors evenly.
- Make electrical connections using suitable connectors.
- Install the energiser according to the instructions.
- Install the prescribed earthing system.
- Connect gates and separate fence sections correctly.
- Measure the voltage at several points.
Before use, check that all components are firmly installed and that animals cannot become entangled in loose wires, loops or protruding parts.
How do you create a safe gateway?
A gateway must be easy to open while ensuring that the electric fence remains functional on both sides of the gate.
A gateway may require:
- an insulated gate handle;
- a gate handle anchor;
- a spring, wire, rope or tape;
- an underground high-voltage cable;
- a fixed field gate;
- a suitable latch;
- an optional padlock.
Install an underground cable inside a protective conduit when it runs beneath a frequently used gateway.
How do you prevent voltage loss?
Voltage loss can make a fence less effective further away from the energiser.
Common causes include:
- insufficient or poorly installed earth stakes;
- vegetation touching the conductors;
- damaged insulators;
- loose, knotted or corroded connections;
- conductors with excessive resistance;
- contact between electric wire and a metal gate;
- a weak rechargeable battery or flat disposable battery;
- an energiser with insufficient capacity;
- broken conductive strands in tape or rope.
Therefore, measure the fence not only near the energiser but also at several points around the plot.
Maintenance of pasture fencing
An electric fence must be checked regularly. Fast-growing grass, fallen branches and damaged connections can significantly reduce performance.
Check regularly:
- the voltage at several points;
- the operation of the energiser;
- the charge level of the rechargeable or disposable battery;
- the earthing system;
- the insulators;
- connections and clamps;
- the tension and height of wire, rope or tape;
- the stability of the posts;
- gates and gateways;
- contact with grass, branches or other materials.
Common problems
There is insufficient voltage on the fence
Check the energiser, power source, earthing, connections and vegetation. Divide the fence into separate sections if necessary to locate the fault.
The voltage is good near the energiser but low further away
This usually indicates power loss somewhere in the fence. Check for damaged insulators, poor connections, broken conductors and contact with vegetation.
The tape is sagging
Check the tape tensioners, corner posts and intermediate posts. Sagging tape catches more wind and may become damaged more quickly.
Animals pass through the fence
Check whether the voltage is sufficient, whether the fence is clearly visible and whether the height and configuration are suitable for the animal species. Allow animals to learn to respect the electric fence under controlled conditions.
The rechargeable battery runs flat quickly
Possible causes include an ageing battery, a high-consumption energiser, poor charging or significant power loss caused by vegetation and faults.
Fencing to keep wildlife out
Electric fencing can also be used to keep wild animals away from agricultural land, livestock fields, gardens or other areas.
The required design depends on:
- the species that needs to be excluded;
- the height and number of conductors;
- the length of the area;
- the soil conditions;
- whether a permanent or temporary solution is required;
- the required capacity of the energiser.
Specific applications, such as protection against wolves or wild boar, require a carefully designed fence. Seek advice in advance about the correct height, wire spacing, voltage and installation.
How do you choose the right pasture fencing?
A suitable pasture fence should be matched to the animals, the plot and its daily use.
Consider:
- the animal species and number of animals;
- the size and behaviour of the animals;
- the total fence length;
- the number of conductors;
- the required visibility;
- temporary or permanent installation;
- the available power supply;
- the amount of vegetation;
- the soil conditions;
- the number of gates and gateways;
- the required protection against wildlife;
- possible future expansion.
Frequently asked questions about pasture fencing
What do I need for an electric fence?
At a minimum, you need an electric fence energiser, an earthing system, posts, insulators, conductive wire, rope or tape and suitable connection materials. Gate handles and underground cables are often required for gateways.
Which electric fence energiser should I choose?
This depends on the total fence length, number of wires, vegetation, conductors used and animal species. Also consider possible future expansion.
Is a battery or mains energiser better?
A mains energiser is practical for permanent fencing where a power socket is available. A battery energiser offers more flexibility for remote or temporary plots.
Why is earthing so important?
Earthing allows the electrical pulse to return to the energiser through the ground. Without effective earthing, the fence may not work properly.
What is the best fencing material for horses?
Highly visible tape or rope is often used for horses. The final choice also depends on the fence length, wind load and required durability.
How often should I check the voltage?
Check the voltage regularly and more frequently after storms, maintenance work, rapid grass growth or changes to the fence.
Can I combine different types of wire and tape?
Yes, provided suitable connectors are used and the conductors are electrically and technically compatible. Take differences in conductivity and tension into account.
Can an electric fence be combined with a field gate?
Yes. Use suitable gate handles, insulators and, if necessary, an underground high-voltage cable to carry the current safely to the other side of the gateway.
Can I extend a temporary fence later?
Yes. Check that the energiser, earthing system and conductors have sufficient capacity for the expanded installation.
How can I locate a fault?
Measure the voltage at several points and disconnect separate sections of the fence. This helps identify where the voltage loss occurs.
Advice on pasture fencing
Would you like to know which pasture fencing system is most suitable for your plot? Please have the following information available:
- the animal species;
- the number of animals;
- the perimeter and area of the plot;
- the required number of wires or tape lines;
- temporary or permanent installation;
- the available power supply;
- the amount of vegetation;
- the number of gates;
- the existing posts and fencing materials;
- whether you want to keep wildlife out.
With this information, we can provide more specific advice on the energiser, conductors, posts, insulators, earthing system and other accessories.
View our complete range of pasture fencing products or contact us for personalised advice.